abcdr_agroforst_frankreich

Agrofrostbeispiel in Frankreich

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Agroforstsystem auf der Domaine de Restinclières in Südfrankreich

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ABCDR_4c

Dr. Christoph Müller

Agroforestry combines agricultural and forestry systems. Ideally, such mixed systems can release great synergies that have a positive impact on water balance, nutrient balance, biodiversity, crop yields, humus formation and carbon sequestration. Agroforestry systems are already widespread in many parts of the world, but hardly so in Germany.

ABCDR

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The ABCDR project investigates why agroforestry systems are not more widely used and how this could change in the future. For this purpose, we analyse the biophyiscal potentials, the decision-making processes of farmers, and the role of climate and agricultural policy. We work with different scientific approaches, incorporate stakeholder knowledge and practice, and use computer simulations to explore both the biophysical potential and possible agro-economic future pathways in which agroforestry systems play a greater role than they do at present. The three-year research project ABCDR started on 1.8.2022, and is carried out by scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the University of Bonn. It is part of the CDRterra research programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

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Workflow der Entscheidungsanalyse

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ABCDR - CDRterra

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TEEB

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BECCS-Massnahmen-aspect-ratio-1-1

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BioNET_4c

Prof.-Dr.-Ing. Daniela Thrän

Dr. Peter Elsasser

Prof. Christoph Müller

Dr. Nora Szarka

Dr. Nils Matzner

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jakob Hildebrandt

What is the potential of biobased negative emission technologies, in short NETs? And what expectations are placed on them? The joint project BioNET analyses these questions and provides a <a href="https://datalab.dbfz.de/bionet/home?lang=en">knowledge base</a> for the evaluation of biobased technologies.

BioNET

A key element of policy strategies to achieve the net zero target in 2050: Technologies and concepts to capture CO₂ using biomass. These bio-based negative emission technologies – in short NETs – can be embedded in agricultural and forestry value chains in a wide variety of ways. Due to the manifold risks in feasibility and market introduction, these concepts have not yet found a sufficiently clearly manageable application – also because a holistic evaluation taking into account local as well as regional conditions has been lacking so far.
The joint project BioNET aims to close this gap and establish an information platform for politics, agriculture, forestry and science with sound data on the potential of bio-based NETs. This should enable stakeholders to consider biobased negative emission technologies in their work and decisions, and serve as an orientation and decision-making aid for the possible use of NETs. The objectives of the BioNET project are:
<ol>
<li>Provide a transparent and widely accessible database on bio-based NETs,</li>
<li>new participatory approaches to investigate social and institutional feasibility, and</li>
<li>Development and holistic assessment of national scenarios for bio-based NETs taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</li>
</ol>
Stakeholder organisations in Germany are involved in all phases of the project. In the selected case study regions in the Rhine-Neckar region and in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the BioNET project team is working closely with practice partners from agriculture and forestry as well as with local and regional politics. The aim is to achieve a common understanding of concepts and processes and to build trust in bio-based NETs. The project team also wants to identify and help overcome barriers such as concerns about economic losses.

Insights into the project

BioNET - CDRterra

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CDRPoEt_4c

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bauhus

Jun.-Prof. Dr. Christian Baatz

Matthias Honegger

Claire Fyson

Dennis Taenzler

The CDR-PoEt project examines policy instruments for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere and their fairness implications based on recognized policy principles and stakeholder deliberations.

CDR-PoEt

The focus of the CDR-PoEt project is to analyse possible political instruments for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and their fairness implications. Specifically, the project examines the economic, socio-cultural and institutional feasibility of CDR in five work packages. These serve as the basis for policy recommendations at local and (inter) national level.
When developing concrete policy options, CDR-PoEt refers to recognized policy principles and considers the views of central stakeholders, at all research steps through a deliberative process: the identification and formulation of governance principles, the operationalization of evaluation criteria, the definition and evaluation of CDR policy instruments and scenarios for a fair distribution of responsibility for the implementation of CDR.
In this way, possible practical ways are shown which allow deliberative political learning and thus offer a basis for the responsible design of policies as well as research and innovation. The project team applies the conceptual considerations to three CDR cases: direct CO₂ extraction from the air (DACCS), use of biomass with CO₂ storage and agroforestry approaches. Our comparative and evidence-based analysis helps to identify key elements and distribution policy implications.
We work out similarities and differences between CDR policies, which should be reflected in policy making as well as in technology-specific policy elements. Taking a socio-technical system perspective that goes beyond economic and technical calculations of costs and potentials, this research will contribute to the refinement of the understanding of &#8220;CDR feasibility&#8221; or &#8220;potentials&#8221;. With this perspective on acceptance and acceptability as well as fairness, an alternative, socially more robust way of determining the design and potential of successful policy instruments is shown, which should stimulate both research and political deliberation.

CDR-PoEt - CDRterra

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cdrsyntra_alpenlandschaft

Aufforstung oder Entwaldung als Klimachance

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CDRSynTra_4c

Prof. Dr. Julia Pongratz

Prof. Dr. Helmuth Trischler

Prof. Dr. Andreas Oschlies, Dr. Hela Mehrtens

Dr. Diana Rechid

Dr. Stefan Schäfer

Dr. Felix Havermann, Dr. Christian Hoiß

Prof. Dr. Jan Minx, Prof. Dr. Sabine Fuss

Prof. Dr. Elmar Kriegler, Dr. Jessica Strefler

Dr. Oliver Geden

Designing sensible paths of CDR deployment in Germany requires a profound knowledge base that comprehensively evaluates possible CDR measures. They must be developed through a dialogue between researchers, policymakers and civil society.

CDRSynTra

Globally as well as in Germany, type and scale of CDR are a key consideration in developing pathways to greenhouse gas neutrality. CDR measures include terrestrial, geological, material-based and marine approaches. The state of knowledge varies widely across methods. Not only technical limits to CO₂ uptake need to be explored, but realistic potentials need to be estimated that avoid conflicts over resources such as water or land, take societal processes into account, are ecologically sustainable, and are economically and politically feasible. It is essential to understand how the different CDR measures are to be evaluated across all these dimensions and compare against each other and also interact with each other in order to define their role in climate change mitigation pathways. But so far, no common framework exists to compare CDR measures and additionally evaluate trade-offs of CDR with other sustainability goals.
The synthesis project, CDRSynTra, that accompanies the CDR program unites the research results of the projects. Its overarching goal is to evaluate the potentials and impacts of the various methods in a comprehensive, common assessment framework. This will lay the scientific foundations on which a socially acceptable and ecologically and economically sensible mix of CDR methods can be developed. To this end, CDRSynTra works in three research pillars on Earth system analysis, emission reduction and CO₂ removal pathways, and governance and policy design. A comprehensive screening of the international CDR research landscape optimizes the research impact.
To ensure that proposed emission reduction and CO₂ removal pathways are feasible, an intensive dialogue with stakeholders is maintained throughout the program. Even the selection of relevant criteria for an assessment framework can only be made in close exchange with the public, industry and politics. Transparent communication of the research results to the public is also a major concern of the project and is implemented, for example, through museum exhibitions and a school program. Wherever possible, not only linear formats of science communication, but participatory and dialogue-oriented approaches are pursued.
CDRSynTra also acts as the interface to the research mission &#8220;Marine carbon sinks in decarbonisation pathways&#8221; of the German Marine Research Alliance and will be responsible for the overall scientific synthesis on land-based and marine CDR methods, which can thus be considered in comparison to each other and in combination.

CDRSynTra - CDRterra

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Die Übersicht vom Forschungsteam von CDRterra

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DAC-TALES_4c

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.Ing. Niklas von der Aßen

A promising technology for negative emissions is direct air capture of CO₂ with subsequent storage (DACCS). DAC-TALES assesses the potential of the DACCS technology using an interdisciplinary approach.

DAC-TALES

Direct Air (Carbon) Capture and Storage (DACCS) of CO₂ from the atmosphere is widely discussed in politics and science as a measure to compensate for residual emissions that are very difficult or very cost-intensive to avoid. The first commercial DACCS plants are already in operation. Guiding politics and research for implementing DACCS, It is crucial to determine the potentials as well as the risks and challenges for large-scale deployment in order to prepare the appropriate direction in politics and research regarding the use of DACCS in the coming years.
Available studies consider the evaluation of DACCS based on technological, ecological, economic, or social aspects. So far, these aspects have mainly been studied separately. However, for the large-scale deployment of DACCS, an integrated, transdisciplinary and multi-scale assessment method is required.
Within the DAC-TALES project, data from laboratory experiments will be used to build Direct Air Capture (DAC) models, e.g. to be able to predict the energy demand of CO₂ capture depending on operation modes and capture materials. These models are then linked to CO₂ storage and integrated into an energy system model. Thereby, system-wide effects can be investigated along the entire DACCS value chain. Life-cycle and techno-economic analysis will be used to assess the environmental and economic impacts of deploying DACCS on a climate-relevant scale. In addition, the social acceptance of DACCS will be investigated in order to identify social barriers at an early stage. The results from the acceptance research are continuously fed back into the technical development. Subsequently, a climate economic assessment will be used to determine the social value of DACCS under multiple risks from a global perspective.
The transdisciplinary assessment approach in DAC-TALES allows to determine at what scale and how fast the deployment of DACCS needs to be carried out to impact climate change effectively. Thus, the DAC-TALES project can contribute to shaping the future policy and research agenda regarding the deployment of DACCS.

DAC-TALES - CDRterra

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DACCUS_4C

Dr. Erik Frank

Kolja Kuse

The DACCUSS-Pre project investigates the absorption and fixation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in a novel lightweight material made of hard rock, carbon fibers and biochar for permanent carbon storage.

DACCUSS-Pre

New building concepts, with the help of new building materials, can make a significant contribution to introducing a carbon economy in construction, which should become as CO₂-negative as possible, as construction provides the greatest leverage in the industrial sector.

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algentraeger

Doppel-T-Träger aus Algen als Stahlersatz

Algenträger als Stahlersatz

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DACCUSS is investigating the storage of natural carbon in sustainably bound form based on new material systems made of carbon fibres (C-fibres) and hard rock for the development of a new structure for self-supporting house wall elements with innovative insulation made of biochar. 
The technical storage of CO₂ in solid materials such as carbon fibres from biogenic sources (algae oil) was the subject of BMBF funding with the &#8220;Green Carbon Project&#8221; at the TU Munich. The green C-fibre was processed into carbon fibre stone (CFS®) in combination with hard rock and resin. 
In DACCUS, the efficiency with which CO₂ for algae production can be filtered directly from the air is demonstrated. Using passive CO₂ filters (Mechanical Trees®) as an example, the entire value chain from CO₂ from the ambient air to prefabricated elements for the construction industry will be covered.
The wall is developed, built and tested from CFS®. The CO₂ sequestration potential is contained in all components of this house wall: the C-fibre, the stone and the insulation layer.
The green C-fibre has the same characteristic values as the PAN-based fibres derived from fossil sources and permanently stores 3.5kg of CO₂ equivalents per kg of C-fibre, if it is not burnt after use, as is currently the case. 
The weathering of the rock used additionally contributes to CO₂ sequestration. The cut slabs of the CFS wall lead to CO₂ removal when the surfaces weather, and the rock dust produced during cutting can be used as mineral fertiliser in agriculture, for example. The resulting enhanced weathering in the soil additionally returns large quantities of CO₂ to the geological cycle.
The expected overall CO₂ balance of the wall is negative.
Partners in the project are DITF (German Institutes for Textile and Fibre Research), Labor für Stahl- und Leichtmetallbau GmbH, TechnoCarbonTechnologies, University of Hamburg and AHP GmbH &amp; CoKG, which will subject the entire process chain to an LCA and a techno-economic analysis (TEA), as well as TU Munich/WSSB, GvU GmbH and Carbon Collect Ltd (Ireland) as associated partners.

DACCUSS-Pre - CDRterra

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Gartenanlage vor blauem Himmel

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GONASIP_4c

Prof. Dr. Erik Gawel

GONASIP investigates these influences to understand how limited available land resources can be used for natural CDR methods that will increase societal benefits.

GONASIP

There are both technical and natural methods to remove climate-damaging CO₂ (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Measures to naturally sequester carbon in soils range from municipal afforestation in cities, tree planting on unsealed brownfield sites to carbon storage in agricultural soils, for example. In addition to contributing to climate protection, these natural CDR (Carbon Dioxide Removal) measures can create further added value for society through increased ecosystem services such as improved water storage in the soil or increased local recreational value of the landscape.
At the same time, natural CDR measures can also cause opportunity costs, in other words, restrict other productive uses. For example, intensive agriculture or new areas for residential and commercial buildings may not be compatible with natural CDR measures. Moreover, the costs of implementing natural CDR measures usually drop back to landowners while the benefits of ecosystem services are often a public good, so that the incentive for landowners to implement natural CDR measures is often too low.
However, both the social added values and the opportunity costs of land use vary depending on the specific CDR measure. Other factors of the site such as space and actors do also influence the valuation as well.
Given these heterogeneous factors, the question arises, how limited land resources can be used for natural CDR measures in ways that effectively increase societal benefits.
The research work of the GONASIP project aims to contribute to answering this important practical question. The objectives of the project are:
<ol>
<li>Assess the potential of different natural CDR measures for carbon storage and ecosystem services for site-specific conditions,</li>
<li>identify and assess the location- and actor-specific societal added values and costs associated with the implementation of natural CDR measures, and</li>
<li>to analyse how the regulatory framework, i.e. the relevant European and national legislation, for example in the field of agricultural, environmental, and spatial planning law, influences decisions for or against the use of natural CDR measures. It will also have to be explored, how the multiple heterogeneous characteristics of natural CDR measures could be considered in the further development of the regulatory framework in order to provide incentives for the efficient use of land resources by natural CDR measures.</li>
</ol>
The GONASIP project focuses its analyses on selected carbon storage measures in agriculture and municipal afforestation.
The researchers use stakeholder-based assessment approaches for this. Key stakeholder groups are involved in workshops and surveys to support the impact assessment of the use of natural CDR measures as well as the economic assessment of the societal added values of natural CDR measures.
In this way, GONASIP contributes to the expansion of knowledge about the potentials and risks of natural CDR measures, to the assessment of the extent of heterogeneity of their costs and societal added values as well as to the possibilities of using these findings for the further development of the regulatory framework.

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Urbaner Wald / Güterbahnhof Plagwitz

GONASIP - CDRterra

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NETPEC_4C

Dr. Matthias May

Prof. Dr. Kira Rehfeld

The NETPEC concept envisages using artificial photosynthesis to extract CO₂ from the atmosphere and convert it into products that can be stored over the long term. An initial process is being developed and tested for efficiency and usability.

NETPEC

If negative emissions have to be realized on the scale that is currently emerging, aspects such as long-term storability and land consumption will become very important in addition to costs. The artificial photosynthesis approach investigated in the project allows, at least in theory, to minimize land consumption and associated challenges. Similar to natural photosynthesis, CO₂ is converted into another substance using energy from sunlight. The choice of the photoelectrochemically generated product can be adapted to the storability. Here, oxalate and coal flakes are investigated first. Since the concept is still new, the NETPEC project scrutinizes which of the products have the greatest potential in terms of long-term, safe storability and what conversion efficiencies can actually be achieved. To this end, adapted catalysts and solar cells are developed and combined to form a photoelectrochemical carbon sink. Furthermore, the climatic conditions will be modeled and the sustainability of the entire process chain will be evaluated. The project will allow a first assessment of whether and to what extent photoelectrochemical approaches could be a useful complement to the methods of terrestrial carbon dioxide removal that have been mainly investigated so far.

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As the concept is still new, the NETPEC project is investigating which of the products have the greatest potential in terms of long-term safe storability and what conversion efficiencies can actually be achieved. For this purpose, adapted catalysts and solar cells are being developed and combined to form a photoelectrochemical carbon sink.
Furthermore, the climatic conditions will be modelled and the sustainability of the entire process chain will be evaluated. The project will allow an initial assessment of whether and to what extent photoelectrochemical approaches could be a useful addition to the methods of terrestrial carbon dioxide removal that have mainly been studied so far.

In search of the greatest potential

NETPEC - CDRterra

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PyMiCCS_4c

Prof. Dr. Jens Hartmann

Two effective methods of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere are already well known: the use of biochar and enhanced weathering. Researchers of the PyMiCCS project are investigating how to ideally combine the two methods. The aim is to improve CO2 sequestration and agricultural soil quality.

PyMiCCS

Biochar is obtained by pyrolysis of biomass, such as straw, green waste or manure. During this process, biomass is charred in the absence of air. When incorporated into soils, it permanently stores carbon. It can be used in a variety of ways in agriculture &#8211; as water retaining substance, a carrier for nutrients, and a habitat for microorganisms. 
In enhanced weathering of rocks its natural properties are used: CO2 is dissolved in rainwater and corrodes the rock. This produces dissolved carbonate compounds in the water. This process can be deliberately enhanced &#8211; for example, by grinding the rock to very small grain sizes and exposing it to humid climate on agricultural land. The dust can also improve soil fertility and thus crop yields &#8211; because it supplies important nutrients such as potassium. The resulting carbonate compounds are transported by rivers to the sea, where they counteract ocean acidification. 
The PyMiCCS project (Pyrogenic carbon and carbonating minerals for enhanced plant growth and carbon capture and storage) now wants to find out whether the joint application of biochar and enhanced weathering has positive synergistic effects &#8211; for example, an improvement of soil properties. 
But what is smartest way to combine the two methods? Which type of rock or biochar is best suited? The researchers will investigate these questions in detail &#8211; first in the laboratory, later in the field and ultimately with the help of ecosystem models to calculate global potentials for CO2 sequestration and soil improvement.

PyMiCCS - CDRterra

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Ökosystem an Land

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STEPSTEC_4C

Terrestrial ecosystems are the focus of rapidly deployable methods to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. This requires a comparative assessment of measures, taking into account socio-ecological constraints.

STEPSEC

Afforestation and reforestation, forest management, and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are among the much-discussed measures to take up and store CO2, as some of them are considered &#8220;nature-based solutions&#8221;, which could further be deployed relatively quickly. However, developing climate change mitigation pathways requires estimates of how much CO2 these terrestrial measures will remove from the atmosphere.
These potentials must also be weighed against side-effects of deploying such measures, particularly unintended impacts on the Earth system such as land/resource competition with food production and water use, impacts on biodiversity, and changes in climate due to changes of the energy and water balance. In addition, societal processes present barriers to implementation. However, currently, no feasibility assessment exists that integrates these considerations and compares the major terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures. This will be provided by the STEPSEC project.

STEPSEC goes beyond previous studies by estimating the CDR potentials of re/-afforestation, forest management, and BECCS based on simulations with several Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, and integrating new process detail regarding, e.g, the influences of weather extremes. The project contrasts expected CDR potentials with their unintended impacts on the Earth system and thus identifies synergies or trade-offs with other sustainable development goals, in particular the Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
STEPSEC integrates the scientific assessment with aspects of socio-economic feasibility.
The project will integrate all socio-environmental indicators considered, extend existing frameworks for feasibility assessments, and add ethical criteria of desirability andacceptability. In this way, STEPSEC will contribute methodologically and quantitatively to a comprehensive interdisciplinary assessment of terrestrial CDR methods needed for informed decision-making in Germany.

CDR potentials of (re)afforestation

STEPSEC - CDRterra

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Levels of stakeholder engagement Quelle Björn Maier

levels-stakeholder-engagement

levels stakeholder engagement

Stakeholder engagement in carbon dioxide removal (CDR) research is a relatively new but essential element in the development and governance of CDR methods. A group of CDRterra scientists has published their experiences and key findings with stakeholder engagement as part of the research programme.
The publication <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10848490">‘Engaging Stakeholders in your Carbon Dioxide Removal Research’</a> is aimed at anyone working in the field of CDR research who wants to involve stakeholders. Whether you are planning a project, are about to embark on one or are already working with stakeholders, eight case studies, ‘lessons learned’ and a guideline in the reflection paper offer orientation and inspiration.
Download the <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10848490">CDRterra reflection paper ‘Engaging Stakeholders in your Carbon Dioxide Removal Research’ on Zenodo</a> (PDF, 500 MB)
Download the corresponding <a href="https://api.cdrterra.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/El-Zohbi-Fehr-Eberenz_Engaging-Stakeholders-in-your-CDR-research-Poster.pdf">poster ‘Engaging Stakeholders in your Carbon Dioxide Removal Research’</a> (PDF, 2 MB)

Engaging stakeholders in CDR research

Stakeholder in die Forschung einbeziehen

Stakeholder engagement in CDR research is a relatively new but essential element in the development and governance of CO₂ removal methods. A CDRterra reflection paper explains what scientists should bear in mind.

Engaging stakeholders in CDR research - CDRterra

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EMBARGOED-SoCDR 2Ed

The report ‘<a href="https://www.stateofcdr.org/">State of Carbon Dioxide Removal</a> is now being published for the second year in a row. In it, numerous researchers – including many from the CDRterra programme – provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of CO₂ removal worldwide. The 2024 report finds that around 7 to 9 billion tonnes of CO₂ per year will need to be removed by mid-century from the atmosphere if the world is to meet the 1.5°C Paris Agreement target. The authors stress that reducing emissions is the primary way to achieve net-zero, but Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) has a critical role to play. The Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment at the University of Oxford led the preparation of the report, and it was supported by the CDRterra consortium <a href="https://cdrterra.de/en/consortia/cdrsyntra/">CDRSynTra</a>, among others.
The authors incorporated sustainability criteria including multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) into their analysis, and their final figure for a “Paris-consistent” range of CDR was assessed based on these.
Currently just 2 billion tons per year are being removed by CDR, mostly through conventional methods like tree planting. Novel CDR methods – like biochar, enhanced rock weathering, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) – contribute 1.3 million tonnes per year, less than 0.1% of the total. Methods which are effectively permanent account for only 0.6 million tonnes per year – less than 0.05% of the total.
A diverse range of CDR methods must be rapidly scaled up to address climate change in line with the Paris Agreement, say the authors. CDR has undergone rapid growth in research, public awareness and start-up companies. Yet there are now signs of a slowdown in development across multiple indicators.
While investment in CDR research and start-ups is going to an increasing variety of novel methods, few of these methods are currently targeted in government policies and proposals to scale CDR, which accounts for just 1.1% of investment in climate-tech start-ups. “Given the world is off track from the decarbonisation required to meet the Paris temperature goal, this shows the need to increase investment in CDR as well as for zero-emission solutions across the board,” says Dr Steve Smith, member of the CDRterra international advisory board of the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford.
The report notes that CDR companies have high ambitions which, taken together, would drive CDR to levels consistent with meeting the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. However, the authors say these ambitions have little ground for credibility at present and depend on a much stronger set of policies than currently exists.
The report urges governments to implement policies that will increase demand for carbon removals. These should include the embedding of CDR policies into countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (climate action plans under the UNFCCC) and developing better monitoring, reporting and verification systems for CDR. At present, much of the demand for CDR is coming from voluntary commitments by companies to buy carbon removal credits.
Dr Steve Smith comments: 
“There are some encouraging signs in the growth and diversity of CDR research and innovations. But these are tempered strongly by sparse and precarious long-term demand. Governments have a decisive role to play now in creating the conditions for CDR to scale sustainably.”
<h3>CDRterra researcher Dr Oliver Geden: Deploying a diverse CDR portfolio is a more robust strategy than focusing on just one or two methods</h3>
Dr Oliver Geden, CDRterra researcher from the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, comments: 
“Deploying a diverse CDR portfolio is a more robust strategy than focusing on just one or two methods. Research, invention, and investment in start-ups show diversification across CDR methods. However, current deployment and government proposals for future implementation are more concentrated on conventional CDR, mainly from forestry.”
Matthew J. Gidden, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, comments: 
&#8220;It is clear that delaying crucial emissions reductions only exacerbates needed mitigation in the future to limit warming well below 2°C, but there are limits to the role sustainable CDR can play the longer the world delays.&#8221;
<h3>The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal report</h3>
The annual State of Carbon Dioxide Removal report is a combined effort of over 50 international experts. It is the world-leading scientific assessment of how much carbon dioxide removal will be needed to limit climate change, and whether or not the world is on track to deliver.
The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal report was devised and convened by CDRterra researchers Oliver Geden and Jan Minx as well as Matthew J. Gidden (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA), William F. Lamb (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, MCC), Gregory Nemet (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Stephen M Smith. Each are leading academics in the field of CDR, lead investigators within major CDR assessment projects, and IPCC authors.
The following CDRterra researchers are also involved:
<ul>
<li>Prof Dr Julia Pongratz, CDRterra spokesperson from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich</li>
<li>Dr Felix Schenuit from the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin (currently no longer with CDRterra)</li>
<li>Prof Sabine Fuss, Ingrid Schulte, Dr Sarah Lück and Dr Tim Repke from the Mercator Research Institute on Commons and Climate Change (MCC) in Berlin</li>
<li>and Dr Jessica Strefler from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)</li>
</ul>
The project was supported by the CDRterra consortium <a href="https://cdrterra.de/consortia/cdrsyntra">CDRSynTra</a>, of which the researchers mentioned are members.
<h3>Defining CDR</h3>
CDR involves capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it durably on land, in the ocean, in geological formations or in products. Examples include reforestation, biochar, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). Some means of storage are longer-lasting and less vulnerable to reversal than others.
<h3>CDR vs CCS</h3>
CDR is not the same thing as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). To count as CDR, a method must capture CO2 from the atmosphere. While some CDR methods such as BECCS and DACCS will use the same CO2 transport and storage infrastructure as CCS, CCS usually refers to a set of industrial methods for the capture of CO2 from fossil sources.
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